![]() Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. Martial law may be declared in cases of major natural disasters however, most countries use a different legal construct, such as a state of emergency. Such incidents may occur after a coup d'état ( Thailand in 20, and Egypt in 2013) when threatened by popular protest (China, Tiananmen Square protests of 1989) to suppress political opposition ( martial law in Poland in 1981) or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public, as seen in multiple countries listed below. ![]() Countries such as Pakistan have famously implemented this rationale as well. While many countries, the United States for example, do not have the explicit constitutional right to declare martial law, scholars often interpret the law of the United States to allow for the implementation of martial law in times of necessity. One legal theory most frequently associated with martial law is the common law doctrine of necessity. For countries that do not explicitly permit the declaration of martial law, but where martial law has been declared, the legal justification for it is often the common law doctrine of necessity, or some variation of it.Ĭommon law doctrine of necessity and martial law Most often, the implementation of martial law arises from necessity rather than legal right, and while some countries have provisions explicitly permitting the use of martial law, many do not. References to martial law date back to 1628 England, when a man named Lord Hale described martial law as, “no Law, but something indulged rather than allowed as a Law.” Despite being centuries old, this quote remains true in many countries around the world today. ![]() Overviewĭespite the fact that it has been declared frequently throughout history, martial law is still often described as largely elusive as a legal entity. Alternatively, martial law may be declared in instances of military coup d'états. Most often, martial law is declared in times of war and/or emergencies such as civil unrest and natural disasters. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues. Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. ![]()
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